四氧化三铁明胶固定过氧化物酶催化降解五氯酚

利用Fe₃Ｏ₄吸附-明胶包埋-交联法固定辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）催化去除水中的五氯酚（PCP）,探讨了催化反应时间、不同缓冲体系及pH值、不同PCP初始浓度和HRP使用量对催化反应的影响,确定了固定化HRP催化去除PCP的最佳反应条件,并与自由酶的催化反应做对比研究.结果表明,用固定化辣根过氧化物酶催化去除五氯酚,反应在30 min后可达到平衡,催化速度和自由酶相当;pH值介于 4～6之间有较明显的去除效果,固定后催化反应的适宜pH范围更为宽泛,且受不同缓冲体系影响较小,pH为5时有最高催化去除率41%;在0.05 　U/mL的低活性浓度下固定化HRP的催化效率高,与自由酶相比可减少酶用量;PCP的去除量随其初始浓度的增加而增加,但催化去除率从39.68%下降至24.4%;此外,固定化HRP具有良好的催化稳定性,在酶活性浓度为0.05 　U/mL时重复使用7次后PCP的催化去除率仍高于39%.     

植被缓冲带径流渗流水量分配及氮磷污染物去除定量化研究

利用构建的缓冲带现场试验基地和设计的径流流量测定装置,对植被缓冲带滞缓径流和农田氮磷污染物去除能力开展定量化试验研究.结果表明,植被缓冲带有效滞缓了径流速度,并显著提高了缓冲带土壤的水力渗透能力,19m长的百慕大、高羊茅、白花三叶草缓冲带径流出水时间分别是空白对照的2.46倍、1.72倍和2.03倍,渗流水量分别是空白对照的3.01倍、2.16倍和2.45倍;植被缓冲带能有效去除农田径流氮磷污染物,百慕大、高羊茅、白花三叶草缓冲带对NH4+-N、TN、TP的总去除率分别比空白对照提高了237%、268%和274%;植被缓冲带渗流对氮磷污染物的去除能力显著高于径流,渗流水量越大,缓冲带氮磷污染物的总去除率和单位面积去除负荷越高,试验各植被缓冲带TN、NH4+-N、TP渗流去除量与径流去除量的比值分别达到2.79、2.02和2.83.     

污泥屏障氧化缓冲容量与重金属再溶出关系研究

借助微生物厌氧活动特别是硫酸盐还原反应,污泥屏障可用来固定尾矿堆场重金属.针对尾矿风化淋滤形成的酸性采矿废水(AMD)与污泥之间发生的氧化还原反应导致的重金属溶出问题,通过氧化滴定实验研究了不同污泥悬液的氧化缓冲容量及其与重金属浓度的关系.结果表明,污泥悬液的氧化缓冲容量随着悬液固液比的增大略有减小,但随着悬液厌氧培养时间的延长而增加.污泥的氧化缓冲容量主要来自Eh≤-150mV的强烈还原区间,可达氧化缓冲容量的50%以上.氧化滴定过程中发现,当Eh≥-150mV时,Zn首先明显溶出;当Eh≥150mV时,Cu和Pb明显溶出.基于实验结果,建立了污泥屏障在AMD渗流条件下氧化缓冲容量消耗的数学模型.模拟计算结果表明,当AMD水头高度为10m时,厚度2m的污泥屏障经历AMD溶液38787a的渗透氧化,仍可保持原有的强烈还原状态,具备对重金属的固定效果.     

Heavy metals of natural and reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands in south estuary, China

The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in two plant species (Scirpus tripueter Linn. and Cyperus malaccensis Lam.), water, and soils sampled from the reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands (RTRWs) and the natural riparian wetlands (NRWs) in the Pearl River estuary (PRE), were analyzed to investigate and compare their distribution and accumulation. The results show that the concentrations of the six studied heavy metals in soils exceed the eco-toxic threshold recommended by USEPA. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Zn in plants may lead to toxic effects compared to others.The hydraulic conditions and the degree of human disturbances can affect the heavy metal accumulation in RTRWs and NRWs. The heavy metal concentrations in water are higher whereas they are lower in soils of RTRWs Compared with that in the NRWs. The accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of plants is higher in NRWs than those in RTRWs while the opposite result is found for heavy metal accumulation in shoots. Based on the bioaccumulation and translocation factors, the plants in NRWs have the higher capacity to accumulate heavy metals, while higher abilities to transport heavy metals from roots to shoots are observed in RTRWs. Heavy metal contaminations in RTRWs are dominated by anthropogenic sources from both side uplands and river water, whereas in NRWs, the metal accumulations are simultaneously affected by anthropogenic and natural factors.     

EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度时缓冲溶液配制的改进

针对EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度(简称标准法)时,缓冲溶液配制繁琐,耗时较长的情况,提出了对缓冲溶液配制的改进方法(简称改进法)。改进法很好地克服了标准法的不足。通过地表水、地下水以及总硬度标准样品的比对测定,两者的测定结果无显著差异。     

酸缓冲容量对污泥屏障重金属再溶出控制研究

借助污泥中的厌氧微生物活动,污泥屏障可用来固定尾矿堆场的重金属.针对尾矿风化淋滤形成的酸性采矿废水(acidmine drainage,AMD)与污泥屏障相互作用,可能会引起已固定重金属再次溶出问题,通过酸滴定实验,研究了不同厌氧培养时间的污泥悬液的酸缓冲容量及其对重金属再溶出的影响.结果表明,污泥悬液酸缓冲容量与悬液固液比成正比,并随着厌氧还原程度的加深而增加.碳酸盐缓冲体系和有机质缓冲体系对污泥悬液酸缓冲有重要意义.酸滴定实验发现,随着pH降至6.2以下,重金属Zn、Pb和Cu开始快速溶解释放,且释放量符合ZnCuPb.基于实验结果,建立了污泥屏障在AMD渗透条件下酸缓冲容量消耗的数学模型.模拟计算结果表明,对于厚度2.0 m的污泥屏障,即使在10.0 m水头的AMD渗透酸化条件下,有效酸缓冲容量经历666 a之后才能被耗尽,在此时间内污泥屏障具备对重金属的生物化学固定能力.     

不同雨强条件下河流水质对流域土地利用类型与格局空间响应

以七乡河流域为研究区域,基于2015年4、5、6月3次不同雨强条件下的河流水质实时监测数据,以及区域DEM数据和遥感数据,根据高程与坡度将流域划分5级河流缓冲区,研究不同雨强条件下各缓冲区内土地利用类型、格局与河流水质之间的响应关系.结果表明:1不同空间单元土地利用类型与格局存在差异.低缓区域、中缓区域和高缓区域优势土地利用类型为建设用地;中陡区域和高陡区域林地为优势土地利用类型.2低缓区域是不同雨强条件下,土地利用类型对河流水质影响最大的空间单元.3低缓区域建设用地对水质的影响最大;中缓区域湿地对小雨强时水质影响最大;建设用地对中等雨强和大雨强时水质影响最大.中陡和高缓冲区,建设用地对小雨强时水质影响最大;而中等雨强和大雨强时林地对水质影响最大.4土地利用格局对河流水质影响比较复杂.平均斑块形状指数对低缓区域水质影响最大;斑块密度、平均斑块形状、多样性指数分别是中缓区域3种雨强时对水质影响最大的格局因子;高缓区域3种雨强条件下平均斑块形状指数、多样性指数和斑块密度对水质影响最大;平均斑块形状指数和蔓延度是中陡区域和高陡区域小雨强和大雨强时对水质影响最大,蔓延度和多样性指数是中等雨强时影响最大土地利用格局因子.     

Relationship between herbaceous community distribution and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the Baiyangdian River Basin北大核心CSCD

Riparian zone vegetation is an important part of the riparian ecosystem and plays an important role in the riparian zone functioning. Herbs, which are one of the main types of riparian vegetation, are extremely sensitive to environmental changes and human activities and have become a hot spot of riparian vegetation research. In this study, the herbaceous communities of four representative rivers (Xiaoyi, Baohe, Fuhe, and Baigouyin River) entering Baiyangdian Lake in China were researched. The herbaceous species in their riparian zones were systematically investigated using the sample plot method. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’), Pielou evenness (J), and Patrick richness (R) indices were estimated to examine the species composition and diversity of the herb communities, following which redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted. The relationship between species diversity, distribution patterns of herbaceous plant communities, and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the four rivers is discussed. (1) Eighty-three species of herbaceous plants belonging to 66 genera and 27 families in the riparian zone entering Baiyangdian Lake. Most herbaceous plants, including Poaceae, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae, were weeds or associated plants. Riparian vegetation was greatly affected by human disturbance. (2) All the three estimated indices of the Xiaoyi, Baigouyin, and Fuhe rivers were better than those of the Baohe River. (3) The vegetation coverage and species diversity of riparian herbaceous communities were positively correlated with soil organic matter and water content but negatively correlated with pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Therefore, these communities are conducive to the restoration of vegetation and the stability of biodiversity in the riparian core area to reduce the disturbance of human activities and increase humidity. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

竹林河岸带土壤反硝化脱氮效果模拟及机理研究

以太湖流域上游南苕溪流域农业区竹林河岸带土壤为研究对象,采用乙炔抑制法研究不同外源硝态氮（NO₃^--N）添加量(模拟添加NO₃^--N浓度分别为0、5和10 mg·L^-1的污水,分别用N0、N5和N10处理表示)对不同离水距离（0～3、3～6、6～12 m）、不同深度（0～10、10～20、20～40 cm）土壤反硝化速率的影响.结果表明,N0、N5和N10处理的土壤72 h内的反硝化速率均值分别为59.65、163.56和295.81μg·kg^-1·h^-1,不同处理间差异显著.N5和N10处理的土壤对外源NO₃^--N的脱氮率均值分别为0.45和0.51,且N5处理显著低于N10处理;土壤反硝化速率和对外源NO₃^--N脱氮率均随NO₃^--N添加量的增大而增加.土壤反硝化速率随离水距离的增加而降低,表层土壤的...     

Featured Collection Introduction: Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters

Connectivity is a fundamental but highly dynamic property of watersheds. Variability in the types and degrees of aquatic ecosystem connectivity presents challenges for researchers and managers seeking to accurately quantify its effects on critical hydrologic, biogeochemical, and biological processes. However, protecting natural gradients of connectivity is key to protecting the range of ecosystem services that aquatic ecosystems provide. In this featured collection, we review the available evidence on connections and functions by which streams and wetlands affect the integrity of downstream waters such as large rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. The reviews in this collection focus on the types of waters whose protections under the U.S. Clean Water Act have been called into question by U.S. Supreme Court cases. We synthesize 40+ years of research on longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of energy, material, and biota between aquatic ecosystems included within the Act's frame of reference. Many questions about the roles of streams and wetlands in sustaining downstream water integrity can be answered from currently available literature, and emerging research is rapidly closing data gaps with exciting new insights into aquatic connectivity and function at local, watershed, and regional scales. Synthesis of foundational and emerging research is needed to support science‐based efforts to provide safe, reliable sources of fresh water for present and future generations.